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MATH 1150 · Radical expressions · Objective 1.4

Rationalize Binomial Denominators with Conjugates

Use conjugates to eliminate radicals from two-term denominators.

CLO 1 · Topic 19 of 21
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Build the concept from the beginning

Meaning before procedure

The conjugate of a + b is a − b. Their product is a² − b², so middle radical terms cancel. This difference-of-squares structure rationalizes denominators such as 3 + √2.

Conjugates
Binomials with the same terms and opposite middle signs.
Difference of squares
(a+b)(a−b) = a²−b².
Cancellation
Opposite middle terms sum to zero.
Equivalent fraction
Created by multiplying by conjugate/conjugate.

Interactive visual model

Switch the sign to form a conjugate pair and observe the difference-of-squares denominator.

Change one control at a time and describe what changes—and what stays invariant.

A dependable four-step method

Identify the denominator's conjugate.
Multiply numerator and denominator by it.
Use difference of squares in the denominator.
Distribute/simplify the numerator and reduce if possible.
  1. Identify the denominator's conjugate.
  2. Multiply numerator and denominator by it.
  3. Use difference of squares in the denominator.
  4. Distribute/simplify the numerator and reduce if possible.
Three fully explained examples

Watch the reasoning, not just the answer

Example 1: Rationalize 1/(3 + √2).

Name the goalUse conjugate 3 − √2.
Choose the next moveMultiply numerator and denominator.
Carry out the mathematicsDenominator = 9 − 2 = 7; result (3 − √2)/7.
Check and interpretMultiplying back confirms equivalence.

Example 2: Rationalize 2/(√5 − 1).

Name the goalUse conjugate √5 + 1.
Choose the next moveMultiply by (√5 + 1)/(√5 + 1).
Carry out the mathematicsNumerator 2√5 + 2; denominator 5 − 1 = 4; simplify to (√5 + 1)/2.
Check and interpretThe final denominator is rational.

Example 3: Rationalize 1/(2√3 + √2).

Name the goalUse conjugate 2√3 − √2.
Choose the next moveApply difference of squares.
Carry out the mathematicsDenominator = (2√3)² − (√2)² = 12 − 2 = 10; result (2√3 − √2)/10.
Check and interpretBoth middle products cancel exactly.
Interactive practice

Predict, decide, check, and revise

Interactive construction lab

Build a valid reasoning path

Choose the decisions in the order a careful solver would use them for this concept.

Choose this step, then check the construction.
Choose this step, then check the construction.
Choose this step, then check the construction.

The reasoning path changes as each decision is selected.

Readiness check

Check the foundation

Rationalize 1/(2+√3).

Rationalize 1/(3+√2).

Not completed yet.
Guided practice

Apply the method with support

Rationalize 1/(3−√2).

Rationalize 2/(√5−1).

Rationalize 1/(√3+1).

Not completed yet.
Independent practice

Work without step prompts

Rationalize 1/(√5+2).

Rationalize 3/(4−√7).

Rationalize 2/(5+√3).

Rationalize 1/(2√2+1).

Not completed yet.
Mastery check

Demonstrate durable understanding

Rationalize 1/(3+2√2).

Rationalize 4/(√7−√3).

Rationalize 2/(√6+√2).

Rationalize 1/(4+√5).

Rationalize 5/(3−√2).

Not completed yet.
Unfamiliar transfer

Explain, compare, and revise

Rationalize 3/(4 − √7) and show where cancellation occurs.

Write a first attempt before opening the self-check.

The learner record reveals exact answers and model reasoning only after an attempt.